COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOURCES OF WATER AND WATER BORNE DISEASES
- Project Research
- 1-5 Chapters
- Quantitative
- Simple Percentage
- Abstract : Available
- Table of Content: Available
- Reference Style: APA
- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
Background to the Study
Water is an essential substance in human life as it is used for various purposes sucg as drunking washing cooking. Human noroviruses cause the most gastrointestinal illness in all regions of the world, with the vast majority thought to be acquired via person-to-person and then by food (Ahmed et al., 2014) given the predominance of genogroup II strains implicated. In waterborne cases, genogroup I is normally implicated (Mathew et al., 2012), presumably due to increased environmental robustness. An interesting finding with human noroviruses and the second most common cause of gastrointestinal illness, rotavirus (although greatly diminishing due to childhood vaccination programs), is the need for certain histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) receptors for these pathogens to bind to target cells (Tan and Viang, 2014). Not only do certain gut bacteria have these HBGA binding sites but these bacteria may also facilitate infection, as recently demonstrated with human B cells (Jones et al., 2014). Therefore, one’s gut microbiome and blood group impact the likelihood of infection. Furthermore, there is now optimism that a routine cell culture system for human noroviruses may be developed, which would be of particular value to the water-treatment industry. Non-human, culturable noroviruses, such as murine noroviruses among others, are used as surrogates for treatment performance (inactivation studies) but there is limited understanding of the validity of these surrogates for any human norovirus genogroup or mode of inactivation (LI et al.,2014; Cromeans et al., 2014).
The classic waterborne enteric pathogens include Vibrio cholerae (serogroups O1 and O139, causing cholera), Salmonella enterica (subsp. enterica ser. Typhi, causing typhoid), and Shigella spp. (four species causing dysentery), which have largely been controlled by water treatment/disinfection and are therefore rarely an issue via drinking water in developed regions. However, person-to-person and foodborne spread maintains Shigella sonnei within the sewage of developed regions, along with closely-related shiga toxin and verotoxin-producing E. coli, and pathogenic species of Campylobacter, Salmonella, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and Yersinia. An emerging issue is that of AMR, which may occur within any of the bacterial members but is noted here by example for E. coli in well waters associated with animal production (Coleman et al., 2013). These AMR genes may horizontally transfer between commensal and enteric pathogenic bacteria, and present a higher risk due to antimicrobial treatment failures (Ashbolt et al., 2013). Within healthcare facilities, there is also a considerable health burden due to the prevalence of AMR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium difficile; with the latter being a spore-former it may persist in sewage and river waters and eventually make its way to drinking waters, and AMR-P. aeruginosa may grow post-water treatment
1.2. Statement of the problem
A common feature of the water-based pathogens is the ability to grow to problematic concentrations within biofilms on pipe walls and sediments, particularly during periods of water stagnation and warmer conditions; therefore, control below some critical concentration is necessary to manage these environmental pathogens. Hence there is need for comparative analysis of sources of water and water borne diseases.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The major objective of the study is the comparative analysis of sources of water and water borne diseases.
1.4 Research questions
(1) What are the various sources of water?
(2) what are water borne diseases?
(3) what is role of sources of water on water borne disease outbreak?
1.5. Significance of the Study
The research gives a clear insight into the comparative analysis of sources of water and water borne diseases. It also gives a clear insight into the role of water sources in water borne diseases. This research also serves as a preliminary study in identifying the common microorganisms in different water sources that may be responsible for water borne diseases.
1.6. Scope of the study
The research focus on the comparative analysis of sources of water and water borne diseases.
Related Project Materials
EFFECTS OF FLIPPED CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ON SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN ORAL ENGLISH
ABSTRACT
This study investigated the effects of flipped classroom instructional strategies on senior secondary school students‟ performan...
THE INFLUENCE OF RADIO ON THE PROMOTION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG MASS COMMUNICATION STUDENTS
Abstract
This study is on the influence of radio on the promotion of entrepreneurship among mass communication stu...
INFLUENCE OF PEER PRESSURE AND TIME MANAGEMENT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF IN-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BENIN CITY
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
As children grow and develop, profound physical changes occur. These changes us...
PERCEIVED INFLUENCE OF RELIGION ON MUSLIM WOMEN SPORTS PARTICIPATION IN SHARIA COMPLIANT STATES IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACTS
The study examined the perceived influence of religion on Muslim women sports participation in sharia compliant States in Niger...
Recklessness of commercial drivers
Background to the Study
Driving a car, bus, lorry or an articulated-vehicle is a psychomotor activity that requires a co...
PRINT MEDIA AS ELECTIONEERING TOOL IN NIGERIA GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION
Background of the study
Unquestionably, media is a potent and swift mode of communication. It has a sig...
THE ROLE OF CIVIC EDUCATION IN CURBING ELECTORAL MALPRACTICES IN NIGERIA
Background of the Study
Civic education is a vital component of adult education because it equips citiz...
CREDIT MANAGEMENT AND INCIDENCE OF BAD DEBTS IN NIGERIA COMMERCIAL BANKS
Abstract
This research work is on credit management and incidence of bad debts in Nigeria commercial ba...
EVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF CLASS-SIZE ON SOCIAL STUDIES STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN GIWA EDUCATIONAL ZONE KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study titled “Evaluating the Effects of Class-Size on Social Studies Students‟ Academic Performance in Junior Seconda...
AN ASSESSMENT OFGODFATHERISM AND GOVERNANCE IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA: THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION AS A PANACEA
Background of Study
In a democratic government, a lot of factors predict the travails of this sys...
